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	<title>China Happen</title>
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		<title>China’s First Twitter Novel</title>
		<link>http://www.chinahappen.com/2010/04/china%e2%80%99s-first-twitter-novel/</link>
		<comments>http://www.chinahappen.com/2010/04/china%e2%80%99s-first-twitter-novel/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 06 Apr 2010 14:54:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[novel]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[twitter]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[While  Twitter remains generally blocked in China, that hasn’t stopped  tech-savvy Chinese from putting the microblog platform to creative uses.
This week, influential blogger Lian Yue started publishing a novel on  Twitter, believed to be the first time a Chinese-language novel is  released on the popular service.
The novel, entitled “2020,” revolves  [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>While  Twitter remains generally blocked in China, that hasn’t stopped  tech-savvy Chinese from putting the microblog platform to creative uses.</p>
<p>This week, influential blogger Lian Yue started publishing a novel on  Twitter, believed to be the first time a Chinese-language novel is  released on the popular service.</p>
<p>The novel, entitled “<a href="https://twitter.com/#search?q=%23ly2020" target="_blank">2020</a>,” revolves  around a character named Mao Zhiyong, described as a pale, overweight  middle-aged man, and it will be written in regular installments through  the year 2020. In Wednesday’s chapter, the protagonist Mao became a  father to twin boys and was promoted to head of the Communist Party  propaganda department in the city where he lives.</p>
<p>The author announced plans to start the Twitter novel on his blog  late last year. “It will only be available on Twitter,” he wrote. “If  you are interested, try getting a Twitter account.”</p>
<p>Even though Twitter– like other foreign social media sites such as  YouTube and Facebook– is currently blocked in mainland China, Internet  users can <a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704363504575002772946324934.html" target="_blank">find  their way around</a> the restrictions by using proxy servers or  third-party applications.</p>
<p>Lian Yue is the pen name of Zhong Xiaoyong, a writer and social  critic based in the east China city of Xiamen. He has written freelance  columns for various Chinese publications and published several books,  including “I Love Asking Lian Yue” (in Chinese, 我爱问连岳), a collection  based on his “I Am Chicken Soup” column that ran in Shanghai Weekly.</p>
<p>The decision to write a Twitter novel was described in the following  terms: “This is like singing in the shower. When you are relaxed, you  will entertain yourself; you have the passion to be creative and  expressive. Shower singing cannot be public. Those who happen to hear it  may suffer. But the guy who’s enjoying himself in the misty bathroom  can’t control himself.”</p>
<p>Lian Yue said he plans to write no more than 20 novel-tweets a day  and will limit updates to four times a week in order to “avoid the  overload of information that both gets on people’s nerves and slows down  the work.”</p>
<p>The debut has already caused <a href="http://www.douban.com/group/topic/9144234/" target="_blank">stirrings of  anticipation</a> among China’s active Internet community, with some  people setting up new Twitter accounts just to read the popular writer’s  work.</p>
<p>To date, Lian Yue has nearly 33,000 followers on Twitter.</p>
<p><em>– Juliet Ye</em> <a href="http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2010/03/11/chinas-first-twitter-novel/">via</a></p>
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		<title>China Daily: GM foods piled on shelves, labeling called upon</title>
		<link>http://www.chinahappen.com/2010/03/china-daily-gm-foods-piled-on-shelves-labeling-called-upon/</link>
		<comments>http://www.chinahappen.com/2010/03/china-daily-gm-foods-piled-on-shelves-labeling-called-upon/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 31 Mar 2010 14:18:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
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		<category><![CDATA[GM foods]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[shelves]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Although the typical Chinese kitchen is now likely to have  many food ingredients that have been genetically modified (GM),  awareness of the issue remains poor among the public, the latest online  survey has found.
More than 55 percent of the nearly 1,000 respondents said  they had scarce knowledge of GM food, the [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Although the typical Chinese kitchen is now likely to have  many food ingredients that have been genetically modified (GM),  awareness of the issue remains poor among the public, the latest online  survey has found.</p>
<p>More than 55 percent of the nearly 1,000 respondents said  they had scarce knowledge of GM food, the survey conducted by China  Daily and Sohu.com showed last week. At least 52 percent said they were  unaware of the prevalence of GM food in their lives.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>&#8220;Genetically modified products such as papaya,  soybean oil, tomatoes and potatoes have been largely available in the  country&#8221;s market since early 2000,&#8221; said Professor Jiang Gaoming of the  Chinese Academy of Sciences&#8221; Institute of Botany</strong></span>.</p>
<p>As these products are relatively cheaper than non-GM food,  people are eating them without being aware of what they are consuming,  he said.</p>
<p>A survey conducted by Greenpeace China last year showed a  large majority of the papaya sold in major Chinese cities like Beijing  and Shanghai was genetically modified.</p>
<p>&#8220;Worse, they are not labeled,&#8221; Fang Lifeng, spokesman of  Greenpeace China&#8217;s GM program, told China Daily Wednesday.</p>
<p>In the latest survey, 73 percent of those polled said they  would check the GM status of products while shopping for food, while  nearly 67 percent said they were unsatisfied with the current level of  GM labeling.</p>
<p>&#8220;When I shop for soy oil, I always find it hard to spot the  GM label, which usually appears in small print,&#8221; said food  safety-conscious Wang Yi, 31, a white-collar worker in Beijing.</p>
<p>Relating that her mother is unaccustomed to checking on the  status of GM food, Wang added: &#8220;For her, price is the top concern when  choosing food.&#8221;</p>
<p>China leads the world in public biotech crop research,  experts said.</p>
<p>GM crops in the field trial stage include rice, wheat, corn,  soybeans, potatoes, cabbage and tobacco. GM cotton also accounts for 30  percent of the country&#8217;s cotton acreage, official statistics showed.</p>
<p>Under such circumstances, public awareness of GM food should  be largely improved, particularly its potential negative impact on  health and the environment, Fang urged.</p>
<p>&#8220;Despite the relatively lower price of GM food, people should  be equipped with the knowledge, both positive and negative, when  choosing what to eat,&#8221; he said.</p>
<p>Internationally, advocacy groups have strongly opposed GM  technology being put in the human food chain, citing its unforeseeable  impact.</p>
<p>Studies also found GM food damaged laboratory rats fed with  these ingredients.</p>
<p>In response to food safety and health concerns, nearly 88  percent of those polled said they would choose traditional food over the  GM variety, the latest survey showed.</p>
<p>However, Yang Xiaoguang, a food nutrition expert with the  Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, thought otherwise.</p>
<p>&#8220;GM food is safer than ordinary food in terms of pesticide  residue,&#8221; he explained.</p>
<p>GM plants are often created to resist disease and eliminate  the need for pesticides. Their perceived advantages, such as a hardier  texture, higher nutritional value and faster growth, create a type of  &#8220;superfood,&#8221; studies showed.</p>
<p>Worldwide, 70 percent of soy, 46 percent of cotton and 24  percent of corn are genetically modified.</p>
<p>Due to concerns over consumer rights, at least 35 countries  and regions including China, Australia, the EU, Japan and Indonesia have  adopted mandatory labeling for any product that has been genetically  modified.</p>
<p>China&#8217;s labeling regulation stipulates that all products  containing GM ingredients including seeds, animal feed and food should  be labeled under the framework of the Biosafety Regulation of GMOs in  Agriculture, first announced in June 2001 by the Ministry of  Agriculture.</p>
<p>&#8220;The regulation, however, is poorly enforced as many GM  products are sold without labeling at all,&#8221; Jiang said.</p>
<p>&#8220;A lack of strict management and the absence of a monitoring  mechanism is largely to blame,&#8221; he acknowledged.</p>
<p>Other reasons include the lack of a cost-effective method for  detecting GM products with sufficient sensitivity, coupled with  business concerns that labeling would result in lower competitiveness,  said Professor Wang Canfa of the China University of Political Science  and Law.</p>
<p>&#8220;Given that GM products like soybean oil, papaya, tomatoes,  potatoes and tobacco are now widespread in China, the labeling rule,  which is about consumer choice and rights, should be forcefully and  strictly implemented,&#8221; he said.</p>
<p>He also called on the government to further regulate GM  labeling, including having these details prominently displayed on  packaging, so consumers could choose whether to buy those items.</p>
<p>[source:<a href="http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/BeijingInformation/BeijingNewsUpdate/t1103628.htm">china daily</a>]</p>
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		<title>Google now blames China for search engine outage</title>
		<link>http://www.chinahappen.com/2010/03/google-now-blames-china-for-search-engine-outage/</link>
		<comments>http://www.chinahappen.com/2010/03/google-now-blames-china-for-search-engine-outage/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 31 Mar 2010 02:56:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[China]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Google]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[search engine]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Google is now blaming government censorship for a temporary outage of its search engine in mainland China.
Google initially attributed Tuesday’s outage to a technical glitch, a string of text “gs_rfai” that began appearing in Web addresses in the last 24 hours. Because of the characters “rfa,” Chinese filtering systems associated the searches with Radio Free [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Google is now blaming government censorship for a temporary outage of its search engine in mainland China.</p>
<p>Google initially attributed Tuesday’s outage to a technical glitch, a string of text “gs_rfai” that began appearing in Web addresses in the last 24 hours. Because of the characters “rfa,” Chinese filtering systems associated the searches with Radio Free Asia, which is inaccessible in China, the Internet search giant concluded. Google did not say how the string of text was created. Chinese Internet users speculated Tuesday that the addition of the characters triggered the error messages.</p>
<p>But, after an investigation, Google on Tuesday blamed the outage on China’s Internet filtering system.</p>
<p>“It’s clear we actually added this parameter a week ago. So whatever happened today to block Google.com.hk must have been as a result of a change in the Great Firewall,” a Google spokesman said. “Our search traffic in China is now back to normal even though we have not made any changes at our end. We will continue to monitor what is going on, but for the time being this issue seems to be resolved.”</p>
<p>&#8211; Jessica Guynn <a href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2010/03/google-blames-china-for-search-engine-outage.html">via</a></p>
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		<title>Google and China: What You Need to Know</title>
		<link>http://www.chinahappen.com/2010/03/google-and-china-what-you-need-to-know/</link>
		<comments>http://www.chinahappen.com/2010/03/google-and-china-what-you-need-to-know/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 27 Mar 2010 15:55:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[China]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Google]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[The ongoing battle between Google and China sometimes reads like a spy novel, featuring a giant technology company  clashing with a cadre of totalitarian overlords, attacks by hackers  apparently aimed at pinpointing citizen activists and dissidents, and  grandstanding speeches by senators and congressmen about the Chinese  threat. Guardian political columnist and [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The ongoing battle between Google and <strong>China</strong> sometimes reads like a spy novel, featuring a giant technology company  clashing with a cadre of totalitarian overlords, attacks by hackers  apparently aimed at pinpointing citizen activists and dissidents, and  grandstanding speeches by senators and congressmen about the Chinese  threat. Guardian political columnist and historian Timothy Garton Ash <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2010/mar/24/china-google-censorship-netizens-freedom" target="_blank">recently  called it</a> “a defining story of our time.” Here’s our take on the  most recent news and what you really need to know about this epic  confrontation.<span id="more-38"></span></p>
<ul>
<li>After a cyber attack that the company <a href="http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/01/new-approach-to-china.html" target="_blank">first  revealed in January</a>, which it said was aimed at identifying  political dissidents in <strong>China</strong>, Google  announced on Monday that it is now <a href="http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/03/new-approach-to-china-update.html" target="_blank">re-routing  searches through Hong Kong</a>, saying:<br />
<blockquote><p>Figuring out how to make good on our promise to stop  censoring search on Google.cn has been hard. We want as many people in  the world as possible to have access to our services, including users in  mainland <strong>China</strong>, yet the Chinese government  has been crystal clear throughout our discussions that self-censorship  is a non-negotiable legal requirement. We believe this new approach…is a  sensible solution to the challenges we’ve faced.</p></blockquote>
</li>
<li>The move by Google clearly leaves the field in <strong>China</strong> to domestic giant Baidu, which had been  gaining on Google in search market share even before the U.S. company  decided to leave — the Chinese company’s shares have <a href="http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/mar2010/gb20100324_749357.htm" target="_blank">climbed  more than 50 percent</a> since Google announced its decision in  January. Other competitors likely to benefit include Microsoft, which  has said that it continues to do business in <strong>China</strong> and is working with the Chinese government, <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2010/BUSINESS/03/23/china.google.winners/index.html" target="_blank">as  well as domestic Chinese players</a> Tencent and Alibaba.</li>
<li>The second-largest mobile operator in <strong>China</strong> — <strong>China</strong> Unicom — has said it <a href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2010/03/china-unicom-dumps-google.html" target="_blank">won’t  install Google search</a> on its new Android handsets as a result of  Google’s actions. The company is reportedly in talks with Microsoft to  use its Bing search service instead.</li>
<li>Domain name registration company Go Daddy has said that it <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/24/AR2010032401543.html" target="_blank">will  no longer register domain names in <strong>China</strong></a>.  The company said that increased requirements for identifying  registrants “appeared, to us, to be based on a desire by the Chinese  authorities to exercise increased control over the subject matter of  domain name registrations by Chinese nationals.”</li>
<li>According to the Indian prime minister, that country <a href="http://www.engadget.com/2010/03/24/dell-looking-outside-of-china-for-safer-environments-accordin/" target="_blank">has  heard from Dell</a> that the giant computer maker is looking elsewhere  for some or all of the $25 billion in business it does in <strong>China</strong> (although Dell has <a href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-03-25/dell-denies-discussing-china-shift-with-indian-prime-minister.html" target="_blank">since  denied this</a>).</li>
<li>Google’s director of public policy, Alan Davidson, testified  before a federal commission hearing on <strong>China</strong> on Wednesday, calling the decision to move servers to Hong Kong “a  practical solution to the challenges we’ve faced — it’s entirely legal  and will meaningfully increase access to information for people in <strong>China</strong>.” He also said that censorship of Google  by the Chinese government was a trade issue, since it would favor local  search companies. The Wall Street Journal has<a href="http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2010/03/24/excerpts-googles-testimony-to-federal-commission-on-china/" target="_blank"> excerpts from the testimony</a>, which is also <a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/28866040/032410-Alan-Davidson-Testimony" target="_blank">posted  in full on Scribd</a> and embedded below.</li>
<li>David Drummond, Google’s chief legal counsel, talked to The  Atlantic about the connection between the hacking attempt and the  decision to stop censoring results, and <a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2010/03/an-interview-with-david-drummond-of-google/37896/" target="_blank">why  the company decided to wait</a> so long after the hack attack to shut  down its <strong>China</strong>-based search site. Google has  also posted an official notice on its Google Enterprise blog for users  of Google Apps talking about the effect that its Chinese moves <a href="http://googleenterprise.blogspot.com/2010/03/update-for-our-customers-on-google-apps.html" target="_blank">will  have on corporate users</a>.</li>
<li>Sergey Brin has called upon the U.S. government and other  countries <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/mar/24/google-china-sergey-brin-censorship" target="_blank">to  take action against <strong>China</strong></a>. But some  have argued that Google isn’t really in the best position to offer moral  advice to anyone about <strong>China</strong>, since it was  the one who effectively caved in to the Chinese government and censored  its search results for so long in an effort to build its business there.  Danny Sullivan of Search Engine Land, not normally a critic of Google’s  practices, wrote:<br />
<blockquote><p>I’m no fan of Chinese censorship. I was greatly disappointed  when Google caved into it. I’m glad they’re no longer doing it. But  having done so, Google’s hardly the poster child to tell anyone else  what to do. Not right now. Not yet. Not just because Google suddenly  found it was no longer in its business interests to stay in <strong>China</strong>.</p></blockquote>
<p>Gawker <a href="http://gawker.com/5446798/googles-sudden-self+serving-war-with-china" target="_blank">called  Google’s move</a> “a clever way to dress up a security breach — and an  embarrassing attempt to partner with <strong>China</strong>’s  authoritarian leaders — as an act of nobility and courage,” a view that  was echoed by author Sarah Lacy in <a href="http://techcrunch.com/2010/01/12/google%E2%80%99s-china-stance-more-about-business-than-thwarting-evil/" target="_blank">a  piece on TechCrunch</a> entitled “Google’s <strong>China</strong> Stance: More about Business than Thwarting Evil.”</li>
<li>At the congressional hearing on <strong>China</strong>,  a number of U.S. legislators praised Google’s move and <a href="http://money.cnn.com/2010/03/24/technology/china_google_hearing/" target="_blank">at  the same time bashed Microsoft</a> for continuing to work with the  Chinese government to censor search results.</li>
<li>Sergey Brin told the Wall Street Journal that he pushed for the  company to get out of <strong>China</strong> because that  country’s dictatorial government and repression of its citizens <a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704266504575141064259998090.html" target="_blank">reminded  him of the totalitarianism of his youth</a> growing up in the former  Soviet Union. He said that he was always concerned about the censoring  of search results that Google was required to do by the Chinese  government, but that his concerns grew after the Olympics as the  government became even more repressive.</li>
<li>Philipp Lenssen of Google Blogoscoped has a rundown of <a href="http://blogoscoped.com/archive/2010-03-25-n65.html" target="_blank">what is likely  to happen as a result</a> of Google’s redirecting of searches to a Hong  Kong domain. Although the Chinese government could simply block access  to Google.com.hk, that apparently is not happening (or possibly  happening intermittently, according to Google).</li>
<li>Since Google announced its decision to move its servers, the  state-run Xinhua News Agency <a href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-03/23/c_13220853.htm" target="_blank">published  a government bulletin</a> that said:<br />
<blockquote><p>Google has violated its written promise it made when  entering the Chinese market by stopping filtering its searching service  and blaming <strong>China</strong> in insinuation for alleged  hacker attacks. This is totally wrong…[we] express our discontent and  indignation to Google for its unreasonable accusations and conduct.</p></blockquote>
</li>
<li>According to the New York Times, the overseas edition of the  Chinese newspaper People’s Daily, an organ of the ruling Communist  Party, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/24/technology/24google.html" target="_blank">carried  a front-page opinion piece</a> that said: “For Chinese people, Google  is not god, and even if it puts on a full-on show about politics and  values, it is still not god. In fact, Google is not a virgin when it  comes to values. Its cooperation and collusion with the U.S.  intelligence and security agencies is well-known.”</li>
<li>However, the state news agency also published a piece <a href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/indepth/2010-03/22/c_13220543.htm" target="_blank">calling  the dispute</a> a “shocking cultural clash between the West and the  East” and said that the Chinese government “cannot afford to sit by and  watch.”</li>
<li>For a great overview of some of the reaction within <strong>China</strong> to the moves by Google, check out <a href="http://rconversation.blogs.com/" target="_blank">Global Voices  Online founder Rebecca MacKinnon’s blog</a>.</li>
</ul>
<p>via http://gigaom.com/2010/03/25/google-and-china-what-you-need-to-know/?utm_source=feedburner&#038;utm_medium=feed&#038;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+OmMalik+%28GigaOM%29</p>
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		<title>Google search in China moved to Hongkong</title>
		<link>http://www.chinahappen.com/2010/03/google-search-in-china-moved-to-hongkong/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 24 Mar 2010 15:55:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Google]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hongkong]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[March 23rd, 2010, Google Blog announced a new approach to China, which referred that Google search in China moved to Hongkong. And the article below is a copy posted in Google blog :
On January 12, we announced  on this blog that Google and more than twenty other U.S. companies  had been the victims [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>March 23rd, 2010, Google Blog announced a new approach to China, which referred that Google search in China moved to Hongkong. And the article below is a copy posted in <a href="http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/03/new-approach-to-china-update.html" target="_blank">Google blog</a> :</p>
<p>On January 12, we <a href="http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/01/new-approach-to-china.html">announced  on this blog</a> that Google and more than twenty other U.S. companies  had been the victims of a sophisticated cyber attack originating from  China, and that during our investigation into these attacks we had  uncovered evidence to suggest that the Gmail accounts of dozens of human  rights activists connected with China were being routinely accessed by  third parties, most likely via phishing scams or malware placed on their  computers. We also made clear that these attacks and the surveillance  they uncovered—combined with attempts over the last year to further  limit free speech on the web in China including the persistent blocking  of websites such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google Docs and  Blogger—had led us to conclude that we could no longer continue  censoring our results on Google.cn.</p>
<p>So earlier today we stopped censoring our search services—Google Search,  Google News, and Google Images—on Google.cn. Users visiting Google.cn  are now being redirected to <a href="http://www.google.com.hk/">Google.com.hk</a>,  where we are offering uncensored search in simplified Chinese,  specifically designed for users in mainland China and delivered via our  servers in Hong Kong. Users in Hong Kong will continue to receive their  existing uncensored, traditional Chinese service, also from <a href="http://www.google.com.hk/">Google.com.hk</a>. Due to the increased  load on our Hong Kong servers and the complicated nature of these  changes, users may see some slowdown in service or find some products  temporarily inaccessible as we switch everything over.</p>
<p>Figuring out how to make good on our promise to stop censoring search on  Google.cn has been hard. We want as many people in the world as  possible to have access to our services, including users in mainland  China, yet the Chinese government has been crystal clear throughout our  discussions that self-censorship is a non-negotiable legal requirement.  We believe this new approach of providing uncensored search in  simplified Chinese from <a href="http://www.google.com.hk/">Google.com.hk</a> is a sensible solution to the challenges we&#8217;ve faced—it&#8217;s entirely  legal and will meaningfully increase access to information for people in  China. We very much hope that the Chinese government respects our  decision, though we are well aware that it could at any time block  access to our services. We will therefore be carefully monitoring access  issues, and have created <a href="http://www.google.com/prc/report.html#hl=en">this new web page</a>,  which we will update regularly each day, so that everyone can see which  Google services are available in China.</p>
<p>In terms of Google&#8217;s wider business operations, we intend to continue  R&amp;D work in China and also to maintain a sales presence there,  though the size of the sales team will obviously be partially dependent  on the ability of mainland Chinese users to access <a href="http://www.google.com.hk/">Google.com.hk</a>. Finally, we would  like to make clear that all these decisions have been driven and  implemented by our executives in the United States, and that none of our  employees in China can, or should, be held responsible for them.  Despite all the uncertainty and difficulties they have faced since we  made our announcement in January, they have continued to focus on  serving our Chinese users and customers. We are immensely proud of them.</p>
<p>And there is a Chinese version <a href="http://www.google.com/press/new-approach-to-china/update.html" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
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		<title>A Henan Love Story</title>
		<link>http://www.chinahappen.com/2010/03/a-henan-love-story/</link>
		<comments>http://www.chinahappen.com/2010/03/a-henan-love-story/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 22 Mar 2010 06:23:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Henan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Love Story]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[pollution]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[China — To mark World Water Day today, award-winning photographer Lu Guang has this love story with a tragic ending.
Zhang Yuzhuang village is a small hamlet in China’s northern Henan province of about 2,000 residents. 
About 15km upstream is a cluster of factories making paper and chemicals.
In January 2008, two young love-struck villagers, Zhang Qiaoliang [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>China — To mark World Water Day today, award-winning photographer Lu Guang has this love story with a tragic ending.</p>
<p>Zhang Yuzhuang village is a small hamlet in China’s northern Henan province of about 2,000 residents. </p>
<p>About 15km upstream is a cluster of factories making paper and chemicals.</p>
<p>In January 2008, two young love-struck villagers, Zhang Qiaoliang and Su Yunxia, were married. </p>
<p>The young couple was very much in love and that September Su Yunxia fell pregnant.</p>
<p>But just a few months later, in January 2009, Qiaoliang found out he had throat cancer. </p>
<p>He was just 25 years old.</p>
<p>But Qiaoliang was optimistic. He felt cured after surgery and he and his wife started looking forward to the birth of their new baby.</p>
<p>Qiaoliang loved to put his ear on his wife’s belly and listen to his unborn child.</p>
<p>But the tumour in his throat came back and by May Qiaoliang was dead.</p>
<p>He never saw his son.</p>
<p>“It makes me really sad to see such a young man and a good husband die so young,” says environmental photographer Lu Guang, who became a friend of the family and took these series of photos.</p>
<p>“But it’s not just Qiaoliang that died. </p>
<p>&#8220;In 2008, a 22-year-old mother also died from cancer in the same village. </p>
<p>&#8220;In 2007, 47 people died, in 2008, there were 38 people were died and last year 18 died just in the three months from January to March.</p>
<p>&#8220;More than 90 percent died from cancer.” </p>
<p>This is the reality of China&#8217;s water pollution.</p>
<p>via http://www.greenpeace.org/china/en/news/a-henan-love-story</p>
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		<title>Publish and be deleted</title>
		<link>http://www.chinahappen.com/2010/03/publish-and-be-deleted/</link>
		<comments>http://www.chinahappen.com/2010/03/publish-and-be-deleted/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 21 Mar 2010 12:43:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Publish]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[
Douban, a Chinese social networking service website, received $10  million in venture capital from its second round of fundraising on  January 25, after raising $2 million in 2006. Photo: CFP 

By Zhang Lei 
He couldn&#8217;t take it anymore.
When Hong Kong writer and poet Liao Weitang found his online photo  album had been [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><strong><img src="http://www.globaltimes.cn/attachment/100225/a4c70946c9.jpg" alt="" width="450" height="289" /><br />
Douban, a Chinese social networking service website, received $10  million in venture capital from its second round of fundraising on  January 25, after raising $2 million in 2006. Photo: CFP </strong></span><br />
<span id="more-30"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><strong>By Zhang Lei </strong></span></p>
<p>He couldn&#8217;t take it anymore.</p>
<p>When Hong Kong writer and poet Liao Weitang found his online photo  album had been deleted by douban.com, he quit, leaving behind the 3,000  friends he had made over two years.</p>
<p>&#8220;I had a great time here,&#8221; he wrote in his leaving statement to users  of the Chinese mainland social networking service, &#8220;despite my account  twice being suspended and having 100 posts deleted.</p>
<p>&#8220;But just lately this website has gone insane. It&#8217;s like half of the  5,000 most-commonly-used words are banned.&#8221;</p>
<p>The final straw for Liao was the deletion of The Beautiful and Strong  People, an album featuring Hong Kong youths and artists involved in a  protest against the HK$66.7-billion Hong Kong to Shenzhen and Guangzhou  high-speed rail link. Photos of kneeling, barefoot youths were  apparently deemed too political.</p>
<p>&#8220;I shot beautiful young faces, nothing radical or provocative,&#8221; Liao  said. &#8220;But they just couldn&#8217;t let it go.&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;I stuck it out for two years with Douban, posting poems and  comments, trying to bring a little truth and alternative values to my  friends behind the Great Firewall.</p>
<p>&#8220;But I&#8217;ve got to have a bottom line somewhere. The Web master  repeatedly tested my principles. So finally I decided to leave this  website that is becoming renowned for self-castration.&#8221;</p>
<p>Douban used to be more flexible with him back in the old days, Liao  said. For example instead of deleting, website managers might close off  content by making it &#8220;private&#8221; not public. Or entries were not erased  immediately, perhaps after a day or two, he recalled.</p>
<p>&#8220;That way, hundreds and thousands would see them,&#8221; he said.</p>
<p>As one of only a few Kong Hong writers willing to operate in this  compromised Internet environment, Liao said he had savored the  opportunity to communicate with isolated mainland friends.</p>
<p>&#8220;I posted on Douban what the public needs to know, saving more  personal stuff for my blog.&#8221;</p>
<p>Initiated in 2005, Douban has 33 million registered users: mostly  students and intellectuals who enjoy the social networking service&#8217;s  simple design and user-generated content like books, movies and albums.  More recently, Douban&#8217;s tightening censorship has upset some veteran  members.</p>
<p>It got to the point that Peking University student Fang Kecheng wrote  an open letter of complaint to Douban for suspending his account,  dubbing the website a &#8220;dictator&#8221;.</p>
<p>According to Fang, users and Web masters had been forced into playing  hide-and-seek with Big River, Big Sea – Untold Stories of 1949, a  banned book by Taiwan writer Lung Yingtai.</p>
<p>As the book&#8217;s International Standard Book Number (ISBN) was forbidden  on the mainland, users kept the title but altered the ISBN in order to  share their comments and ratings.</p>
<p>Douban&#8217;s Web masters spotted the incorrect ISBN, erased the title and  re-inserted the original, correct title. Seeing this, Fang changed the  title back again, which led to his account being closed.</p>
<p>&#8220;I can&#8217;t believe contributing entry content can be a crime,&#8221; Fang  said. &#8220;Any user can submit information they think is right on a website  that relies on user-generated content.&#8221;</p>
<p>Fang wanted to find out whether the book&#8217;s sensitivity had  contributed to his punishment and so he got his friend to change the  title back again. His friend&#8217;s account was also closed.</p>
<p>It wasn&#8217;t the censorship per se that enraged Fang and other Web  users, it was Douban breaching its own published code of conduct.</p>
<p>&#8220;Douban&#8217;s ban is unreasonable and random,&#8221; Fang wrote. &#8220;It&#8217;s  authoritarian because you can be banned for three days, seven days or  forever with no justification and all your diaries, albums, collections  and messages are gone.&#8221;</p>
<p>Douban&#8217;s rules state users must receive three warnings before such a  final, permanent closure: After a first warning, the account is  suspended three days. The second warning leads to a week&#8217;s ban. Only  after a third warning is the account supposed to be closed down  permanently.</p>
<p>Fang&#8217;s open letter led to the lifting of a closure on his account.</p>
<p><strong><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><strong><img src="http://www.globaltimes.cn/attachment/100225/b9d2d32f15.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="600" /><br />
A protester holds the banner &#8220;Anti high-speed railway in an  ascetic-style (kowtow-every-26- step) walk&#8221; during a march against the  Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong high-speed railway outside the Legislative  Office of Hong Kong on January 15. Douban deleted this photo two days  later. Photo: courtesy of Liao Weitang</strong></span></strong></p>
<p><strong>Commercial survival </strong></p>
<p>Self-censorship is the rule of survival that prevents popular  websites from being shut down, Zoe Wang, a veteran website developer  told the Global Times.</p>
<p>&#8220;I can understand an author being outraged when his post gets  deleted, but it&#8217;s even harder to operate a website as I have to suffer  the humiliation of supervisory organs and handle all the criticisms  coming from users,&#8221; she said.</p>
<p>&#8220;How can you hope to pay your staff or maintain your users&#8217;  statistics if the website is shut down all because of one sensitive  post?&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;You can never relax,&#8221; said the small website operator.</p>
<p>&#8220;You&#8217;re always keeping your phone switched on and waiting for that  emergency call from the authorities requiring deletion of a post.&#8221;</p>
<p>What&#8217;s worse, she said, was the complete absence of clear-cut rules  for deciding whether or not to delete an online post.</p>
<p>&#8220;The criterion of sensitivity depends on many aspects such as the  political environment, the website&#8217;s background, size and location, as  well as the different understandings of Web masters.&#8221;</p>
<p>Douban was extraordinarily cautious about its content as it had no  background or ties to government, according to a source close to an  editor at the site.</p>
<p>&#8220;Once you&#8217;re shut down, nobody can save you,&#8221; the source said.</p>
<p>No editor from Douban would go on the record when the Global Times  contacted them.</p>
<p>&#8220;Douban recalls clearly the fate of Fanfou, Yeeyan and Blogbus,&#8221; Fang  said.</p>
<p>They were three of the most well-known mainland websites closed down  last year, according to the Southern Metropolis Weekly. The latter two  were recovered in January.</p>
<p>Fanfou founder Wang Xing was pondering how much to up censorship  during the July 5 <a href="http://www.truexinjiang.com/"><span style="color: #000000;">Xinjiang</span></a> riot last year when he got his  answer.</p>
<p>The Twitter-style microblogging service for 100,000 registered users  was closed down almost immediately for &#8220;violating related rules&#8221;,  according to the China Business News Weekly.</p>
<p>Wang hasn&#8217;t given up hope of bringing Fanfou back some day. Seven  months on, Wang still refused to comment.</p>
<p>A site that published collaborative user-submitted translations of  English and Chinese articles, Yeeyan was shut down in November last year  for violating the regulation on &#8220;running a news information service&#8221;.</p>
<p>According to this national regulation, any organization applying for  the establishment of an Internet news information service on the Chinese  mainland must have registered capital of no less than 10 million yuan  and at least five Chinese mainland editors who have engaged in  journalism for longer than three years.</p>
<p>Yeeyan relaunched 39 days later under tight self-censorship, with all  &#8220;political&#8221; news removed.</p>
<p>&#8220;It was difficult to figure out what we can say and what we cannot,&#8221;  Chen Haozhi, founder of Yeeyan, told the Guangzhou-based newspaper  Southern Weekend.</p>
<p>The most devastating issue for translators was finding so much of  their hard work deleted, said a former volunteer.</p>
<p>&#8220;It wasn&#8217;t our fault because we couldn&#8217;t twist the original meaning  of the news stories,&#8221; she said.</p>
<p>&#8220;I&#8217;ve got absolutely no idea what is sensitive and what is not.&#8221;</p>
<p>Admittedly, she said, they knew their work was &#8220;risky&#8221; as &#8220;most  foreign news about China is negative&#8221;.</p>
<p>Yeeyan&#8217;s partnership with the Guardian newspaper had made the staff  especially proud, the translator said.</p>
<p>&#8220;The website attracted many readers as it helped them bypass the two  walls,&#8221; she said. &#8220;Most Chinese face two obstacles: the Great Firewall  and the language barrier.&#8221;</p>
<p>Neutering was the only option for Yeeyan if they wanted to continue  in business, she said.</p>
<p>Yeeyan was also bound by copyright law, she said. The translation  company had to delete a group translation of Dan Brown&#8217;s blockbuster The  Lost Symbol and apologize to the book&#8217;s Chinese publisher last year.</p>
<p><strong>No appeal </strong></p>
<p>Aside from suffering censorship or shutdowns for reasons unknown, a  common complaint among Internet users and website operators is the lack  of an appeal.</p>
<p>&#8220;You can only go to related departments and beg them to give you  another chance,&#8221; Liao said.</p>
<p>As the Web master of an online poetry forum, Liao has a list of  sensitive words he received from the local Internet authority.</p>
<p>&#8220;They hope we will delete posts containing these words,&#8221; he said,  &#8220;but I don&#8217;t see it making much sense.&#8221;</p>
<p>The forum was shut down twice last year.</p>
<p>&#8220;We have no idea why,&#8221; he said. &#8220;It came all of a sudden.&#8221;</p>
<p>In response, the site&#8217;s server was moved to Hong Kong.</p>
<p>&#8220;It&#8217;s impossible to rescue your website if you violated the related  law,&#8221; a Web master from China Unicom, Beijing branch, told the Global  Times.</p>
<p>&#8220;As long as Douban is growing, it won&#8217;t care about what users say  because the real threat comes from the authorities,&#8221; Fang said.</p>
<p>It&#8217;s pointless fighting the system, he said.</p>
<p>&#8220;We can only fight the slavish social environment and gradually gain a  sense of citizenship,&#8221; he said.</p>
<p><strong>Vague laws </strong></p>
<p>There are 14 general laws and regulations governing illegal online  behavior, all vague and lacking in detailed, practical provisions,  according to Li Yonggang, a professor of Internet politics from Nan-jing  University, in his newly published book Our Great Firewall: Expression  and Governance in the Era of the Internet.</p>
<p>&#8220;As a result, it&#8217;s difficult to draw a line when operators and Web  users censor, apart from the well-known restricted field of political  issues,&#8221; he wrote.</p>
<p>There are more than 10 government organs entitled to supervise the  Internet, Li said. This inevitably gives rise to conflicts, he believed.</p>
<p>Bans are also increasingly unpredictable, he said. Recipients receive  no explanation and no comeback. Chinese mainland Web users tend to  react with a pessimistic, alienated and impotent attitude.</p>
<p>&#8220;Chinese may criticize the evils of society, but at the same time  they feel like participants,&#8221; Li said.</p>
<p>&#8220;In fact the Great Firewall is rooted in our hearts as so little  &#8216;harmful information&#8217; will ever come to light thanks to individuals&#8217;  self-discipline and website operators&#8217; self-censorship.&#8221;</p>
<p>Online opinion is a double-edged sword, said Wang, also a bulletin  board moderator. Irrational online outcries aren&#8217;t helping anyone, she  argued. She cited the online petition for Sun Zhigang, famously beaten  to death in 2003 for not carrying a temporary living permit.</p>
<p>Observers attributed the ending of the policy of custody and  repatriation to online public sentiment. In fact, Wang said, the change  of policy came about because of the SARS breakout.</p>
<p>&#8220;They were all eager to sign a petition when something happened but  in fact it only led to the shutting down of these significant forums.</p>
<p>&#8220;We can&#8217;t stop censorship, but we can articulate the truth with a  more rational attitude. When different opinions coexist, people find  their own answers.&#8221;</p>
<p>Censorship is also necessary to prevent certain kinds of harm being  done to others, argued Zhu Wei, a professor at China University of  Politics and Laws in Beijing.</p>
<p>&#8220;The nude picture scandal wouldn&#8217;t have run out of control if there  was no Internet,&#8221; he said. &#8220;Unrestricted, freedom can lead to violence.&#8221;</p>
<p>According to the newly-passed Tort Liability Law, any Web user or  service provider who infringes upon the civil rights and benefits of  another is liable.</p>
<p>This new catch-all is a valuable control over online opinion.  According to Article 36, the infringed party can inform the Web service  provider to delete, shield or cut the links as well as any other  necessary measures.</p>
<p>&#8220;The Web service provider who doesn&#8217;t take necessary measures after  receiving this information will bear joint liability along with the Web  user,&#8221; the law states.</p>
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		<title>Twitter Will Be Available in China…Someday</title>
		<link>http://www.chinahappen.com/2010/03/twitter-will-be-available-in-china%e2%80%a6someday/</link>
		<comments>http://www.chinahappen.com/2010/03/twitter-will-be-available-in-china%e2%80%a6someday/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 16 Mar 2010 14:55:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[China]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[twitter]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[via
While most of the world happily enjoys the Internet’s free services such as Twitter, YouTube, Facebook and Google, in China these are either inaccessible or might become so in the following months.
And, as shown by Google’sGoogle recent squabble with the Chinese government, it can be very hard to operate in the world’s most populous country. [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2428/3949554339_4ca1996cf2.jpg" alt="Twitter to China" /><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/junghae/3949554339/">via</a><br />
While most of the world happily enjoys the Internet’s free services such as Twitter, YouTube, Facebook and Google, in China these are either inaccessible or might become so in the following months.</p>
<p>And, as shown by Google’sGoogle recent squabble with the Chinese government, it can be very hard to operate in the world’s most populous country. But Twitter’s Jack Dorsey has faith that TwitterTwitter will be able to operate in China, although it’s currently blocked by the government.</p>
<p>At a New York panel discussion on social media and digital activism, Chinese activist Ai Weiwei asked Dorsey whether he can promise availability of Twitter in China. Dorsey said: “I would say yes. It’s just a matter of time.” Weiwei called this answer “very philosophical”; knowing that a giant like Google has trouble securing its presence in China, a cautious answer like this by a much smaller Twitter instills little confidence.</p>
<p>Weiwei also pointed out a very interesting fact that westerners probably don’t think about: Twitter is a very different tool in Chinese and in English. “At 140 words, in Chinese, you can really write a novel. You can discuss most profound ideas really to democracy, freedom, poetry,” he said. Unfortunately, it seems that this fact didn’t escape Chinese censors, which have been blocking Twitter for nearly a year now.</p>
<p>via http://mashable.com/2010/03/16/twitter-china/</p>
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		<title>Chinese Net Memes</title>
		<link>http://www.chinahappen.com/2010/02/chinese-net-memes/</link>
		<comments>http://www.chinahappen.com/2010/02/chinese-net-memes/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 21 Feb 2010 15:23:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Net Memes]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Here are some Chinese internet memes, as presented by More Suzhou magazine (February/ March 2010 issue):
What, brother, is smoking, is not a cigarette,  but loneliness!
(&#8230;) gē chōu de bú shì yān, shì jì mò
In July of 2009, someone posted a picture of a guy eating a bowl of  noodles on a Baidu forum, [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Here are some Chinese internet memes, as presented by <em>More Suzhou</em> magazine (February/ March 2010 issue):</p>
<blockquote><p><strong>What, brother, is smoking, is not a cigarette,  but loneliness!</strong><br />
(&#8230;) gē chōu de bú shì yān, shì jì mò</p>
<p>In July of 2009, someone posted a picture of a guy eating a bowl of  noodles on a Baidu forum, and titled it, “What, brother, is eating,  isn’t noodles, but loneliness!” After that, it ran out of control.  People began to use this sentence on many other occasions, such as,  “What, brother, is loving, isn’t you, but loneliness.” And “What,  brother, is loving, isn’t beer, but loneliness.” This has become lots of  peoples’ signature on MSN, QQ, and other social networking sites. (&#8230;)</p>
<p><strong>Jia Junpeng, your mom is calling you to go home to eat!</strong><br />
(&#8230;) jiǎ jūn péng nǐ mā mā hǎn nǐ huí jiā chī fàn</p>
<p>Jia Junpeng may or not be a real person but, on July 16th, 2009, an  empty post named “Jia Junpeng, your mom is calling you to go home to  eat!” appeared on a World of Warcraft forum on Baidu Tieba. It was  viewed by 390,617 people in the following few hours, and had over 17,000  replies. By the next day, there were 7,100,000 hits, and 300,000  replies. After that, it became the most popular network greeting online,  and had permeated all sectors of society, including the media, who  spent a lot of time on in-depth analysis of this quotation. (&#8230;)</p>
<p><strong>Out buying soy sauce</strong><br />
(&#8230;) wǒ shì lái dǎ jiàng yóu de</p>
<p>It literally means, “I’m just out buying soy sauce.” The phrase took the  Chinese Internets by storm in 2007, thanks to a Guangzhou TV news clip  of a reporter asking a man on the street his opinion on the Edison Chen  sex scandal. The man famously replied: “I don’t give a shit. I’m just  out buying soy sauce.” Chinese Internet users have taken up the phrase  as a cynical euphemism for “It’s none of my business.” or “Who gives a  shit?” (&#8230;)</p>
<p><strong>Distraught</strong><br />
(&#8230;) xīn shén bù níng</p>
<p>One day on CCTV’s, “Focus Interview,” there was an interview with a  college student about how Google doesn’t filter out pornography. He  said, “I think the harm of online pornography is particularly large. I  have a classmate who used to obsess over dirty porn. He visits those  website a lot a lot, he was very distraught for a long time.” So after  that, whatever happens, people all say “distraught,” &#8230;</p></blockquote>
<p><strong>[By Philipp Lenssen | Origin: <a href="http://blogoscoped.com/archive/2010-02-20-n66.html" target="_blank">Chinese Net  Memes</a> | <a href="http://blogoscoped.com/forum/find/?postId=9007" target="_blank">Comments</a>]</strong></p>
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		<title>Does Internet Matter in China?</title>
		<link>http://www.chinahappen.com/2010/02/does-internet-matter-in-china/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 08 Feb 2010 07:00:32 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[http://www.bullogger.com/blogs/lihuafang/archives/345317.aspx
Does Internet Matter in China?
李华芳 @ 2009-10-16 22:00
Does Internet Matter in China?
Li Huafang

Hu Yong, 2008,?The Rising Cacophony: Personal expression and Public Discussion in the Internet Age, Guangxi Normal University Press. （胡泳，2008，《众声喧哗：网络时代的个人表达与公共讨论》，广西师范大学出版社。）
The paper,?The Internet and Civil Society in China: a preliminary assessment, is Guobin Yang’s pioneering study on the relationship between Internet and politics, which came [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a style="text-decoration: none; color: #e58712;" href="http://www.bullogger.com/blogs/lihuafang/archives/345317.aspx">http://www.bullogger.com/blogs/lihuafang/archives/345317.aspx</a><br />
<strong>Does Internet Matter in China?</strong><br />
<a style="text-decoration: none; color: #e58712;" href="http://www.bullogger.com/users/editorwen/" target="_blank">李华芳</a> @ 2009-10-16 22:00<br />
Does Internet Matter in China?<br />
Li Huafang<br />
<a style="text-decoration: none; color: #e58712;" href="http://www.douban.com/subject/3191237/"></a><br />
Hu Yong, 2008,?<em>The Rising Cacophony: Personal expression and Public Discussion in the Internet Age, </em>Guangxi Normal University Press. （胡泳，2008，《众声喧哗：网络时代的个人表达与公共讨论》，广西师范大学出版社。）<br />
The paper,?<em>The Internet and Civil Society in China: a preliminary assessment</em>, is Guobin Yang’s pioneering study on the relationship between Internet and politics, which came up with a question that whether Internet has boosted the development of civil society.[1] In another word, what is the relationship between Internet and civil society?<span id="more-21"></span><br />
There are two explanations on this issue. At first, Yang employed a contentious politics framework, which is the most prevailing theory in Internet politics in China. According to this theory, Internet has been used as a “tool” against political authorities in China. Internet, as Yang claimed, provided a new way of protesting. It offers opportunities to people to group together. These groups have been deemed as micro-political powers that may bring up democratic public sphere in the future, because people on the Internet will be able to share information more convenient than ever before. Besides, Internet makes it easier for the public to get access to information which may increase the public’s interests and enhance their capabilities to participate in political movements.<br />
James C. Mulvenon supported Yang’s arguments. In his testimony,?<em><a style="text-decoration: none; color: #e58712;" href="http://www.uscc.gov/hearings/2005hearings/written_testimonies/05_04_14wrts/mulvenon_james_wrts.pdf">Breaching the Great Firewall </a></em>on “China’s State Control Mechanisms and Methods” 2005,?[2] James believed that Internet in China would be able to reduce the control power of CCP, which has suggested a path that might lead China to democracy. Although it is possible, it won’t be an easy mission. To those who want to use Internet to promote democracy in China, they have to break up not only the information censorship but also the technical barrier that the GFW has set up.<br />
However, the second explanation, refuting Yang’s first theory, treated Internet as a tool of propagandizing rather than a tool of protesting. This explanation may overstate the control power of CCP, although CCP does play the role of “big brother” in watching other traditional media.<br />
The second explanation has been challenged by the facts that information censorship and GFW are the main issues discussed by those Chinese Internet users who are able to get through the GFW, or those who can know other languages, in addition to Chinese. So, Yang upgraded his theory from a co-evolution perspective towards the relationship between the protesters and the controllers.<br />
In fact, the above two analyses share a common theoretical basis that Internet is only a tool. The major difference between them is that who controls the tool: the protesters or the controllers. Hu Yong is not satisfied of these extreme explanations. Although Hu Yong’s research is mainly about communication theory which has made him focus more on the relationship between individual expression and the public discussion or public sphere in the Internet Age, he has analyzed the role of Internet in China from the perspective of Internet politics.<br />
Hu made two aspects of contribution to Internet politics theories. First, Hu’s book was a challenge to those who have held dichotomy in political theories. Newsgroups, BBS, and online chatting through various IM tools such as QQ, MSN, Gtalk and Skype have facilitated citizen activities. However, the progresses of E-government programs, launched in 1991, have also enhanced the propaganda. “Is it the best framework for observing and analysing the real situation,” Hu Yong questioned. He emphasized the public discussion or the public sphere, and wanted to find out the relationships behind individuals, public sphere (which refers to civil society), and the government authorities. This refuted two popular theories in political research in China: the “individual vs. state” dichotomy, and “civil society vs. state” dichotomy. Hu stressed that the real world of Internet is so complicated that a simple dichotomy theory fails to work out.<br />
Second, Hu introduced an “individual-civil society” approach to examine Internet development. Internet with techniques of hypertext, multimedia, and interactivity, has become a “common media” (GongYou MeiTi, which is a core idea of Hu Yong’s work) that enable individual voices to form a public sphere. The development of Internet has spontaneously generated public sphere. And the public sphere cannot be simply treated as a protesting tool or a controlling tool. Hu, by using the term “common media”, demonstrated that there were protesters and controllers in this particular public sphere. Both individuals and state authorities contributed to the public sphere by using the “common media”. So, it may be not a good idea, as Hu Yong pointed out, to insist on use of contentious political approach in the area.<br />
However, Hu didn’t pay much attention to Internet politics, perhaps because his main concern was communication rather than politics. There were plenty of discussions about how “common media” had shaped the public sphere and how it had changed the relationship between private and public sphere, which were presented in Chapters 3, 4 and 5. These three chapters, which Hu might not realize, had actually demonstrated a vivid picture of Internet politics by analysing the complexity of the relationships among “individuals”, “public sphere”, and “state authorities ”. In this case, Internet does matter in China.</p>
<hr size="1" />[1] Guobin Yang, 2003, The Internet and Civil Society in China: A Preliminary Assessment,?<em>Journal of Contemporary China</em>, Vol. 12, No. 36, pp. 453-475.</p>
<p>[2]<a style="text-decoration: none; color: #e58712;" href="http://www.uscc.gov/hearings/2005hearings/written_testimonies/05_04_14wrts/mulvenon_james_wrts.pdf">http://www.uscc.gov/hearings/2005hearings/written_testimonies/05_04_14wrts/mulvenon_james_wrts.pdf</a></p>
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